by The Comrade » Sun Mar 16, 2014 2:03 pm
jesus christ.
THE HOLY SEE is a religious institution, the PAPAL STATES were a feudal territory. the pope was both duke and bishop when the papal states were around. so call it a theocratic duchy if you want, it was most certainly feudalism.
and that cities became involved in commerce does not negate the feudalism in them. venice was a trade "republic" but they still had nobility, and they still had fiefs, who still pledged themselves to the doge. levies were still raised, taxes still levied, so on and so forth.
if anything, the HRE was even more like this. city states were very rarely completely free. they almost always were either bishoprics or fiefs.